A. twice as much as 1977
B. twice as many as 1977
C. double what it was in 1977
D. double the figure for 1977
E. a number double that of 1977's
One stop grammar collections from the web for my review before the exam day i.e. 30th July 2009
Though, although and even though are used to show a contrast between two clauses:
Our new neighbours are quite nice (this is good) though their two dogs bark all day long. (this isn’t good)
We can use though or although with no difference in meaning. But, some differences are:
Though is more common than although in conversation or writing.
Though (but not although) can come at the end of a sentence:
My new bike is really fast. I don’t like the colour, though.
Though (but not although) can be used as an adverb:
I’m not good at maths but I can help you with your geography, though, if you want.
The meaning of though is similar to however, but though is much more common than however in conversation.
Even though can be used to make the contrast between two clauses stronger:
Dad got back from work really late, even though he had promised to take mum to the cinema.
Source: http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-grammar-definitions-conjunctions.htm#though
Because, as and since are used to answer the question: ‘Why?’. They join two clauses in the same sentence:
Joe resigned because he wanted to spend more time with his family.
AND because, as and since show the relationship between the ideas in two clauses:
A: Why did you resign from such a well-paid job, Joe?
B: Because I wanted to spend more time with my family.
Because is more common than as and since when the ‘reason’ is the most important thing. The because-clause usually comes after the main clause:
I went to Cyprus for a holiday last October because I knew it would be warm and sunny every day I was there.
As and since are used when the reason is already well-known and/or less important. The as or since-clause often comes at the beginning of the sentence and is separated from the main clause by a comma:
As my family had finished dinner when I got home, I went to this really good burger bar.
( I’m telling you about the burger bar. It’s not so important ‘why’ I went there).
Since it’s your birthday, I’ll make you breakfast in bed (I’m going to make you breakfast.
(I know, and you know, it’s your birthday)
Note! In conversation, so is often used instead of since and as. Theso-clause comes after the main clause.
My family had finished dinner when I got home, so I went to this really good burger bar.
Source: http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-grammar-definitions-conjunctions.htm#because
Ex: Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.
A. because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach forHe said (that) he was tired. No need for "that." Better to omit.
But if the words that follow “said” (or any verb of attribution) might be mistaken as objects of the verb, omitting “that” might lead the reader down a false trail:
The governor announced his new tax plan would be introduced soon.
Here “that” is needed after "announced. Without it, the reader's first impression is that the plan itself has been put forth. Remember that even momentary confusion provides readers with a handy place to stop — and that's not good. A reader should never have to pause to understand what the writer (or speaker) is trying to convey. If that happens too often (and once may be once too often), a reader stops reading.
The mayor announced June1 the fund would be exhausted.
The reader needs to know if the time applies to the material that precedes or follows it. Did he make the announcement June1? (“...announced June 1 that...”) Or did he say the fund then would be exhausted? (“...announced that June 1...”) In either case, the need for “that” should be obvious. The need remains when the time element is not a date but a day of the week (Monday, Tuesday, today, yesterday, etc.).
Often a sentence with two parallel clauses requires the expression “and that” to introduce the second clause and link it to the antecedent common to both clauses:
The senator said he might run again and, if he did, Myra Henry would be his campaign manager.
A “that” is needed after “and” to make it clear for the reader. Therefore, a “that” must be inserted after “said” because of a rule called parallelism — if you've got one “that” referring to the same antecedent, you need another. The “that” after “said” is required even though none would be required had the sentence ended after “again.”
The senator said he might run again and , if he did, Myra Henry would be his campaign manager.
So, just remember. If you need one “that” for clarity, make sure you put in another “that” in any compound sentence.
The decisio nto use or omit “that” is not always a simple one. Sometimes it's a judgment call. But don't let your desire to lop off unnecessary words lead you into bad judgment.
As a rule of thumb in questionable cases, remember: Using “that” is never really wrong, though it may be unnecessary; omitting “that” in some cases indeed may be wrong.
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.
Examples:
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
Examples:
Example:
Conditional: "If 9 is an odd number, then 9 is divisible by 2." (true) (false) | |||||||||
Contrapositive: "If 9 is not divisible by 2, then 9 is not an odd number." (true) (false) An important fact to remember about the contrapositive, is that it always has the SAME truth value as the original conditional statement. **If the original statement is TRUE, the contrapositive is TRUE. If the original statement is FALSE, the contrapositive is FALSE. They are said to be logically equivalent.
Source: http://regentsprep.org/regents/math/relcond/Lcontrap.htm Example: If A, then B. If B, then C. If C, then D. If all of the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true? (A) If D, then A. (B) If not B, then not C. (C) If not D, then not A. (D) If D, then E.(C) (E) If not A, then not D. Ans: C |